How To Handle Gossip About a Coworker

Step by step instructions to Handle Gossip About a Coworker Tattle occurs. What's more, there is consistently somebody in each office who just can’t help however spread it. Furthermore, obviously, it very well may be entertaining. Be that as it may, it very well may be similarly destructive and can harm vocations not simply the person’s being tattled about. How to pursue the more responsible option? Here are a couple of valuable systems to keep your head over the fray.1. Set the tone.You should be the adult particularly if you’re an administrator or manager and will set a model for your subordinates. However anybody can do this. On the off chance that individuals begin theorizing uncontrollably about organization issues-or more regrettable tattling about colleagues, managers, and friends, you can be simply the first to evacuate and make a stride back. This may very well show them, by model, the mistake of their ways-without your idiom anything by and large. Don’t let yourself be attracted. On the off chance that yo u can’t leave a discussion, attempt an unpretentious difference in topic.2. Be available to negativity.People are bound to talk about you in the event that you don’t appear to be available to hearing their interests or work environment issues (on account of being a manager) or in the event that you don’t appear to be available to useful analysis yourself. Be as straightforward as conceivable when you’re in a place of intensity. What's more, regardless of what your activity title, keep the lines of correspondence open.3. Don’t rebuff the middleman.If you’re a chief and one worker ventures forward to address an issue or draw an issue out into the open, don’t rebuff that individual for doing as such. That person’s associates will probably consider this to be an indication of your being aloof and out of line. Prompt: gossip.4. Defy the source.Sometimes it gets important to stand up to the gossiper, regardless of whether the tattle is about you. Most gossipers proceed with their jabbering since they accept there are no negative results. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you let them know you’re on to what they’re up to-and let them know your sentiments on the issue chances are they may stop all alone. On the off chance that you need to reprimand them for their conduct, make your analysis about the issue, not them by and by. Don’t simply state: you tattled! that isn't right! Attempt rather: I’m worried about the tattle and I’m trusting we can stop it. 5. Don’t act naturally righteous.It’s fine and dandy to go high. It’s what you ought to do. In any case, on the off chance that you begin to get extremely affected or devout about your own great direct despite overflowing and wild tattle, you’re not going to make numerous partners. Remain easygoing when managing tattle, in any event, when attempting to be a genuine model. It’s not about you, all things considered!

Musical Theatre Essay -- essays research papers

Young lady Crazy (#14)      The melodic â€Å"Girl Crazy† was about a kid named Danny Churchill who lived in New York. His father was stressed over his way with ladies so he sent him to Custerville, AZ to get him away from them. Danny was to live on the family buddy farm called â€Å"The Buzzards.†      On his approach to AZ, Danny rode in a taxi. The driver’s name was Gieber Goldfarb. He was known for his extremely terrible Yiddish jokes. He in the end began to look all starry eyed at a lady named Patsy West, who was likewise a nosey phone administrator.      After Danny gets to Custerville, he meets the post-young lady named Molly Gray. He was infatuated with her, despite the fact that he had quite recently left his former sweetheart in New York. Her name was Tess Hardy. Danny had taken Tess away from her former sweetheart; his name was Sam Mason. Sam was steamed at this, so when he knew about Danny’s whereabouts, he came to take Molly from him. It worked for a brief period, until Molly acknowledged she ought to be with Danny.      There were likewise two individuals named Slick and Kate Fothergill. Smooth dealt with the betting room at â€Å"The Buzzards† that Danny opened to make the spot to some degree a gathering house. Kate was a dance club artist that sang in Danny’s club.      There were two others in the story that made it fascinating and humorous. Their names were Lank and Pete. They were the town scalawags and neighborhood hooligans. Toward the end, these young men end up in prison. Holly Conant Of Thee I Sing (#16)      In the melodic â€Å"Of Thee I Sing,† there were numerous characters. The lead was most likely John P. Wintergreen. It is an account of Wintergreen running for president and all the accidents he had with ladies. There were a couple of individuals on his political board of trustees. Their names were Louis Lippman, Francis X. Gilhooley, Sen. Robert Lyons, Sen. Carver Jones, and Matthew Arnold Fulton, the director of the board of trustees. Alexander Throttlebottom was the VP.      The story was about a national delight challenge and the champ got the opportunity to be the primary woman. Not long before the victor was reported, John met a young lady named Mary Turner. Mary was the secretary for the excellence challenge. The two quickly began to look all starry eyed at.      The champ of the challenge was Diana Devereaux. After the victor was reported, ... ...II, Scene IV, there is a ton of petition and singing, attempting to muffle the sound of the breeze and tempest. Clara is exceptionally frightened for Jake. The entirety of the unexpected, they hear a thump at the entryway and it’s Crown. Bess and Porgy had thought he had passed on in the tempest. He come in and begins criticizing God. He reveals to Bess that she will be with him until the end of time.      Bess sees Jakes pontoon outside the window. Clara gives her child to Bess and races to Jake. Crown, in the wake of being tested, follows Clara.      This started Act III. It was in the setting of a memorial service. It was being held for Jake, Clara, and Crown. Be that as it may, Crown isn’t dead! Porgy knows this and stows away so he can assault him and slaughter him. He does in the long run, after a long battle.      The analysts take Porgy (in Scene II) to distinguish Crown’s body. While he is gone, Sporting Life offers himself to Bess (just as his medications). At the point when Porgy returns, after seven days, he was rich from playing dice in prison. He searches all over for Bess, just to find that she had taken Sporting Life up on his offer and she’s in New York. Porgy promises that he will discover her†¦and the story closes. Melodic Theater Essay - papers inquire about papers Young lady Crazy (#14)      The melodic â€Å"Girl Crazy† was about a kid named Danny Churchill who lived in New York. His father was stressed over his way with ladies so he sent him to Custerville, AZ to get him away from them. Danny was to live on the family man farm called â€Å"The Buzzards.†      On his approach to AZ, Danny rode in a taxi. The driver’s name was Gieber Goldfarb. He was known for his awful Yiddish jokes. He in the long run became hopelessly enamored with a lady named Patsy West, who was likewise a nosey phone administrator.      After Danny gets to Custerville, he meets the post-young lady named Molly Gray. He was infatuated with her, in spite of the fact that he had recently left his former sweetheart in New York. Her name was Tess Hardy. Danny had taken Tess away from her former beau; his name was Sam Mason. Sam was extremely annoyed with this, so when he knew about Danny’s whereabouts, he came to take Molly from him. It worked for a brief period, until Molly acknowledged she ought to be with Danny.      There were likewise two individuals named Slick and Kate Fothergill. Smooth dealt with the betting room at â€Å"The Buzzards† that Danny opened to make the spot to some degree a gathering house. Kate was a dance club artist that sang in Danny’s club.      There were two others in the story that made it fascinating and entertaining. Their names were Lank and Pete. They were the town lowlifess and neighborhood hooligans. Toward the end, these young men end up in prison. Holly Conant Of Thee I Sing (#16)      In the melodic â€Å"Of Thee I Sing,† there were numerous characters. The lead was most likely John P. Wintergreen. It is an account of Wintergreen running for president and all the accidents he had with ladies. There were a couple of individuals on his political board. Their names were Louis Lippman, Francis X. Gilhooley, Sen. Robert Lyons, Sen. Carver Jones, and Matthew Arnold Fulton, the executive of the advisory group. Alexander Throttlebottom was the VP.      The story was about a national stunner challenge and the champ got the chance to be the primary woman. Not long before the victor was reported, John met a young lady named Mary Turner. Mary was the secretary for the magnificence challenge. The two quickly began to look all starry eyed at.      The champ of the challenge was Diana Devereaux. After the champ was declared, ... ...II, Scene IV, there is a ton of supplication and singing, attempting to overwhelm the sound of the breeze and tempest. Clara is terrified for Jake. The entirety of the abrupt, they hear a thump at the entryway and it’s Crown. Bess and Porgy had thought he had kicked the bucket in the tempest. He come in and begins tearing down God. He discloses to Bess that she will be with him for eternity.      Bess sees Jakes vessel outside the window. Clara gives her child to Bess and rushes to Jake. Crown, in the wake of being tested, follows Clara.      This started Act III. It was in the setting of a burial service. It was being held for Jake, Clara, and Crown. Be that as it may, Crown isn’t dead! Porgy knows this and covers up so he can assault him and slaughter him. He does inevitably, after a long battle.      The criminologists take Porgy (in Scene II) to recognize Crown’s body. While he is gone, Sporting Life offers himself to Bess (just as his medications). At the point when Porgy returns, after seven days, he was rich from playing dice in prison. He searches all over for Bess, just to find that she had taken Sporting Life up on his offer and she’s in New York. Porgy promises that he will discover her†¦and the story closes.

Scrolling Is the New Smoking

Scrolling Is the New Smoking Youre eating dinner with a friend at your favorite restaurant. Amid the sounds of utensils and dishes and mastication, you hear the muffled ring of the mobile phone in your friends pocket. Most people wouldnt stop the conversation to answer their phone in front of you. Even if it was an emergency, they would step away from the table to take the call. Why, then, dont we extend the same consideration to text messages, emails, and tweets? Look around the next time youre in line at Chipotle, Whole Foods, or Exxon: our addictions are showing. A generation ago, nearly everyone casually puffed cigarettes throughout the day. Today, indoor smoking seems crazy, but its been replaced by the captivating glow of our four-inch screens. Damn, perhaps scrolling is the new smoking. Now look around again. Take in the room, breathe. Why isnt anybody smiling? If the telos of our technology is connection, then why do we let our devices create a smokescreen between us? Theres been much talk about building a wall lately, but perhaps weve already built oneâ€"an attention barrier between us and the people in our everyday lives. To tear down this glowing wall, Ive been trying something different lately: anytime I must respond to a messageâ€"at home, at the office, or at the local burrito jointâ€"I simply say, Please excuse me while I step outside to take this message, just like I would if I needed to make a call (or if I decided to take up smoking). It sounds silly at first, but this choice forces me to prioritize that which is urgent versus that which is important. When scrutinized, our urgent tasks are rarely important. Plus, my friends respect my good manners, and they almost always extend the same courtesy back to me. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Exercise Recasting a Paragraph in the Future Tense

Verbs are easy to transform and combine, and tenses shift to reflect different meanings to describe when things have happened or will happen. Practice converting verb conjugations increase skill with English and makes it easier to proofread for errors in verb agreement. This exercise will give you practice in working with verb tenses—in this case, changing the past forms of verbs to the future. Instructions The following paragraph is a fanciful account of a students visit to Buckingham Palace to visit the Queen of England. Rewrite the paragraph as if these imaginary incidents from the past will instead occur sometime in the future. In other words, change the form of each main verb from the past tense to the future (in most cases, will plus the present form of the verb). When youre done, compare your new paragraph with the suggested revision on page two. Example Original: I traveled to London to visit the Queen of England. Recast: I will travel to London to visit the Queen of England. Visiting Her Majesty I traveled to London to visit the Queen of England. Being a clever fellow, I disguised myself as a prince and walked into Buckingham Palace as if I owned it. After receiving directions from a  chambermaid, I stepped into the Queens bedroom and surprised Her Royal Highness with a hearty slap on the back. Then, of course, I tipped my hat, bowed, and delivered the usual compliments. After uncorking a bottle of champagne, we exchanged pleasantries and talked about our families for more than an hour. I showed her my photograph album and my stamp collection, and she showed me her historic  collection  of jewels. After a thoroughly entertaining visit, I traded email addresses with Her Majesty and then kissed her goodbye—on the fingertips of her white gloves, of course. Answer Key The following paragraph offers sample answers (in bold) to the exercise to compare revisions and style choices when recasting into the future tense. "Visiting Her Majesty" Recast in the Future Tense I will travel to London to visit the Queen of England. Being a clever fellow, I will disguise myself as a prince and walk into Buckingham Palace as if I owned it. After receiving directions from a  chambermaid, I will step into the Queens bedroom and surprise Her Royal Highness with a hearty slap on the back. Then, of course, I will tip my hat, bow, and deliver the usual compliments. After uncorking a bottle of champagne, we will exchange pleasantries and talk about our families for more than an hour. I will show her my photograph album and my stamp collection, and she will show me her  historic  collection  of jewels. After a thoroughly entertaining visit, I will trade  email addresses with Her Majesty and then kiss her goodbye—on the fingertips of her white gloves, of course.

Whats a Good SAT Literature Subject Test Score

What SAT Literature Subject Test score you need to get into a top college or to earn college credit will vary from school to school. The mean score in 2016 was a 599, significantly higher than the mean score on the general SAT reading section. The table at the bottom of the page shows the correlation between Literature SAT scores and the percentile ranking of students who took the exam. For example, 61 percent of students scored a 660 or below on the exam.  While no such tool exists for the Literature exam, you can use this  free calculator from Cappex  to learn your chances of getting into specific colleges based on your GPA and general SAT scores. SAT Subject Test scores arent comparable to general SAT scores because the subject tests tend to be taken by a higher percentage of high-achieving students than the SAT. Whereas a large number of colleges and universities require SAT or ACT scores, mostly elite and highly selective schools require SAT Subject Test scores. As a result, the average scores for SAT Subject Tests are significantly higher than those for the regular SAT. For the SAT Literature Subject Test, Compare, for example, the mean score of 599 on the Literature Subject Test with a mean score of about 500 for the regular SAT critical reading section. Its also worth noting that the mean score on the Literature subject test has been edging upward in recent years--it is over 30 points higher than it was just two years ago. Most colleges do not publicize their SAT Subject Test admissions data. However, for elite colleges you will ideally have scores in the 700s. Here are what a few colleges say about the SAT Subject Tests: Middlebury College: We are accustomed to seeing ... SAT IIs that range from the low to middle 700s (from Middlebury admission FAQs)Williams College: For the class of 2021, 51 percent of students scored between 750 and 800 for evidence-based reading and writing; 31 percent scored between 690 and 740; 15 percent scored between 630 and 680; 3 percent scored below 630 (from the Williams class of 2021 profile) As this limited data shows, a strong application will usually have SAT Subject Test scores in the 700s. Realize, however, that all elite schools have a holistic admissions process, and significant strengths in other areas can make up for a less-than-ideal test score. For course credit and placement in Literature, the SAT Literature Subject Test is rarely used. Some colleges will use it to assess the college-readiness of home-schooled students, but for course placement AP exams are used far more frequently. Data source for the chart below: the College Board website. Literature SAT Subject Test Scores and Percentiles SAT Literature SubjectTest Score Percentile 800 99 780 96 760 93 740 88 720 81 700 75 680 68 660 61 640 54 620 49 600 42 580 38 560 33 540 29 520 25 500 23 480 19 460 16 440 14 420 10 400 7 In general, Advanced Placement exams are better than SAT subject tests in assessing an applicants college readiness in an academic discipline. Nevertheless, both AP and SAT can play a positive role in your application process by demonstrating your mastery of a subject area. While an A in a high school literature class can mean something different at different high schools, a 750 on the literature SAT subject test convincingly shows that an applicant has mastered a range of ideas and concepts related to literary study.

Administration of Justice Rich vs. Poor Free Essays

People with money have a greater chance to win or get lower sentences compared to poor families. In today’s society we see all kinds of unfair cases coming in and out if the courtroom. People who have enough money to go hire a top of the line lawyer to protect them from being accounted guilty. We will write a custom essay sample on Administration of Justice: Rich vs. Poor or any similar topic only for you Order Now All the while in the poor community people struggle to survive just to pay their rent, and when they commit a crime it’s hard for them to afford a top of the line lawyers. Every day you turn on the TV or the radio and hear about these celebrities that constantly get in trouble for drugs, guns, and fighting but yet when the judge sentences them it’s like they get a smack on the hand or receive the minimum sentence available. This even happens in a reoccurring basis with the same people in and out like a revolving door. The lower income communities get arrested and go to court and unless they receive a plea bargain they usually are looking at the maximum amount of sentencing when it comes to chronic offenders. Even those low income first time offenders can be hit hard when it comes to sentencing unless the crime committed isn’t at high risk. I will discuss some celebrity cases as well as regular civilian cases in today’s courts. Celebrity Lindsey Lohan is considered a repeat offender in and out if the court room for cocaine possession. On July 6th 2010 she was sentenced to 90 days in jail and remained free until July 20th 2010 when she had arrived at the Beverley Hills court house to turn herself in to start serving her sentence. Upon release she had to also serve a 90 day impatient rehabilitation sentence due to violating her probation from a prior DUI case. According to the spokes person Steve Whitmore of the Sheriff’s Department stated she would only serve 23 days behind bars since it was a non-violent crime. Regularly the sentence for Recidivist is if a misdemeanor is one year it goes up to two years, if it is a felony can be increased by four additional years. Convicted â€Å"crack† offenders are usually African Americans and â€Å"cocaine† offenders are usually white. The disparity in punishment evoked images of low-income blacks sitting in jail for crack longer than affluent whites caught with the same amount of cocaine, but in powder form. By the crack offenders being mostly poor black people they been receiving higher sentencing and a unfair trial, seeing as white people get caught with cocaine most of the time the sentencing isn’t as harsh due to their color of skin and if they come from wealth. I Washington as of the 1st of November, 2007 they are passing a federal rule that will shorten time for new crack offenders regardless of race, to be able to decrease the thought of racial issues. Of the nearly 20,000 federal prisoners whose sentences could be reduced, 86 percent are black and 6 percent are white, according to the commission. Speaking with a Chronic offender Benito Garibay who I interviewed he stated that while being charged for drug cases he always received the maximum sentence that was set against him in disregard to his home life. He also stated he had two prior drug cases before catching the third one were they charged him with a class X felony, which is a sentence of a minimum of six years in a state penitentiary and a maximum of thirty years. He was sentenced to the minimum and involved himself in classes for his diploma as well as a work study to help reduce his sentence for what is called â€Å"good time†. Weapon cases on the other hand are the same issue depending on the person’s race and economical status. For instance I have two examples of celebrities caught with guns and served less time than the average offender, even though they are black males, they both still have the money for good lawyers and in a political issue people can assume they also have paid off officials revolving around the case to receive lighter sentences. In the case of T. I. a well known rapper whose real name is Clifford Harris Jr, was caught with numerous types of guns in his home ranging from hand guns to semi-automatic weapons in October 2007. He was arrested and posted to bail to be released until hearings took place which ended up being a very long process. His suppression hearing was scheduled for February 19, 2008 when the performer admitted guilt to possession of U. S. federal weapon charges. He was sentenced to serve one year and one day in prison, one year of house arrest, and 1,500 hours of community service. He also had to pay $100,300 for the federal weapons charges. The performer went in to serve his sentence May 26, 2009 and was released on March 26, 2009. After being released the performer already has new charges brought up against him for the possession of methamphetamines. With this case coming soon after being released from prison on the weapon charges, the media speaks about how harsh the charges may be this time. I think that’s just the media assumption and my assumption would be looked at differently and he will get off easy yet again. Dwayne Carter also known as Lil Wayne a very successful rapper ran into trouble on the streets of Manhattan in 2007. The police had pulled over the tour bus after the performer was smoking marijuana at a concert he did at the Beacon Theatre. During the search the police found and seized a . 40caliber loaded semi-automatic gun. During Wayne’s initial appearance he stated he was innocent and the gun did not belong to him. Trial was then set for January 20th were a controversial DNA profiling technique had tied the performer to the weapon. From January to February 2010 the performer was scheduled for his possible sentence of 8 to 10 months. Just like T. I. he is also scheduled to go to trial in Arizona on felony drug possession and weapons charges, stemming from a January 2008 arrest at a U. S. Border Patrol checkpoint. Interstate 9 is known for illegal drug trafficking and illegal aliens trying to get over. During the border patrol’s common evenings the performer’s tour bus was pulled over and searched when, they found three guns, $22,000 in cash, and drugs. The authorities discovered 105 grams of marijuana, 29 grams of cocaine, 41 grams of ecstasy and various drug paraphernalia. While we are currently unaware of the sentence he is looking at for this case in Arizona Lil Wayne must first get past his sentence being held in Riker’s Island Penitentiary where he was placed on close surveillance due to a rumor of himself trying to commit suicide. The scheduled release date was November 11th but ended up getting out Thursday morning on November 4th 2010. This goes to show that higher class people and celebrities get off more easier then poor families who have nothing. Just because someone or someone’s family member are drug addicts doesn’t mean they don’t deserve just as much as a fair trial just like someone that can afford the great lawyer or have connections with in the politics of the court house. How to cite Administration of Justice: Rich vs. Poor, Papers

Lost Foam Casting Essay Example

Lost Foam Casting Paper LOST FOAM CASTING ABSTRACT: The Report presents some theoretical and practical aspects regarding the casting of alloys in lost foam moulds. The stages of the procedure, the economic benefits and several ecological aspects are synthetically presented. KEY WORDS: casting, alloys, lost foam process, Expanded polystyrene Introduction The lost foam casting process offers several advantages over conventional sand casting processes, such as simplified production techniques and reduced environmental waste due to binder system emissions and sand disposal. The process is well-suited for castings with complex geometries, tight tolerances, and smooth as-cast surface finish requirements. When the castings are designed to fully exploit these advantages, cleaning and machining times are dramatically reduced if not completely eliminated. Therefore, the lost foam casting process is viewed as a value-added process rather than a substitute for sand casting. Lost foam castings are produced by pouring molten metal into a foam pattern contained in a flask filled with loose sand that is compacted through vibration. Generally speaking, a foam pattern is coated with a refractory slurry and dried before being placed in the flask and surrounded by large grain fineness sand. The foam pattern degrades immediately after molten metal is introduced, leaving a casting that duplicates all features of the foam pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Foam Casting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Foam Casting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Foam Casting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The degradation products are vented into the loose sand. In lost foam casting process, mold filling, thermal transport, and solidification are strongly influenced by the foam pattern degradation. There are three phenomena which are inherent in lost foam casting process: slow molten metal flow, reducing atmosphere, and degradation products. The first and second phenomena help reduce oxides or slag defects. The last one, however, may become casting defects if they remain in the cast parts. To improve lost foam casting design, it is ssential to understand the interactions between the foam pattern and molten metal as well as the displacement of degradation products. History The first patent for an evaporative-pattern casting process was filed in April 1956, by H. F. Shroyer. He patented the use of foam patterns embedded in traditional green sand for metal casting. In his patent, a pattern was machined from a block of expanded polystyrene (EPS), and supported by bonded sand during pouring . This process is now known as the full mold process. In 1964, M. C. Flemmings used unbonded sand for the process. The first North American foundry to use evaporative-pattern casting was the Robinson Foundry at Alexander City, Alabama. General motors first product using these processes was the 4. 3L, V-6 diesel cylinder head, which were made in 1981 at Massena, New York. A study found in 1997 that evaporative-pattern casting processes accounted for approximately 140,000 tons of aluminum casting in the United States. The same survey forecast that evaporative-pattern casting processes would account for 29% of the aluminum, and 14% of the ferrous casting markets in the near future. Definition Definition| A casting process whereby the pettern is made of polystyrene foam and is vaporized when the mold is fill with molten metal| Lost form consist of first making a foam pattern having the geometry of the desire finish metal| Expanded polystyrene casting use a mold or sand park around a polystyrene pattern that vapourizes when the molten metal is poured into the mold| Evaporating pattern casting (lost foam) : this process is also know as lost pattern casting under a trade name â€Å"full mold process†, it use a polystyrene pattern which evaporate upon contact with molten metal to form a cavity for the casting| Lost foam casting, where the mould cavity is filled with polystyrene foam (the ‘full mould’ process) , is a special case. | What is â€Å"Lost Foam†? The Lost Foam casting process originated in 1958 when H. F. Shroyer was granted a patent for a cavity-less casting method, using a polystyrene foam pattern embedded in traditional green sand. The polystyrene foam pattern left in the sand is decomposed by the poured molten metal. The metal replaces the foam pattern, exactly duplicating all of the features of the original pattern. Like other investment casting methods, this requires that a pattern be produced for every casting poured because it is evaporated (â€Å"lost†) in the process. Schematic of lost for casting Process The essential steps of the lost foam casting procedure are: 1) The execution of patterns, 2) Execution of moulds 3) casting the alloy. Execution of Patterns: A pattern is made from  polystyrene foam (Expanded Polysterene), which can be done many different. What is Expanded Polystyrene? Expanded Polystyrene in its broadest sense is a rigid cellular plastic which is found in a multitude of shapes and applications. Raw Material Manufacturing: Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is the most commonly used foam pattern, it can be produced by bead pre-expansion into polystyrene (PS) beads that are ready for moulding. PS precursors are formed from ethyl benzene through an aluminum catalyst with benzene and ethylene obtained from crude oil and natural gas [Shivkumar, 1994]. Ethyl benzene is then converted to styrene at high temperature with nitrogen gas and iron catalysts. It forms polystyrene when exposed to a peroxide catalyst and polymerized in a water solution [Goria et al. , 1986]. These unexpanded beads have a density of 600 g/l (38 pounds per cubic feet (pcf)) and they are expanded 20~50 times with heat at 100 oC until the desired density is reached [Kanicki, 1985]. Polystyrene (PS) MOLECULAR FORMULA: The C=C double bond in each monomer is transformed into a C-C single bond in the polymer. | Properties: ease of forming, clarity, low heat transfer, good thermal insulation. Density: 1. 03-1. 06 g/ccStatistic: In 1999 PS usage as a plastic bottle resin was essentially nil. | Description: Polystyrene can be made into rigid or foamed products. It has a relatively low melting point. Packaging applications: Plates, cups, cutlery, meat trays, egg cartons, carry-out containers, aspirin bottles, compact disc jackets Recycled products: Thermal insulation, light switch plates, egg cartons, vents, rulers, foam packing, carry-out containers Raw Material Manufacturing: Expanded Polystyrene (foam)  is obtained from expandable polystyrene (beads), which is a rigid cellular plastic which contains an expansion agent. Expandable polystyrene is therefore obtained from oil as can be seen from the diagram. The EPS Manufacturing Process is inextricably linked with the process described in the last section, which brought us from the oil well to expandable polystyrene, now we will see what happens in the transformation process that leads us to Expanded Polystyrene foam parts. We have seen that the raw material is obtained through a chemical process. The next process involves the use of physics and the conversion process is carried out in three stages. 1st stage   PRE-EXPANSION: The raw material (beads)  is heated in special machines called pre-expanders with steam at temperatures of approximately 215-f. The density of the material falls from 40lbs/cu ft to values of usually between 1 ~ 2lbs/cu ft. During the process of pre-expansion the raw materials hard beads turns into cellular (foam) plastic beads with small closed cells that hold air in their interior. 2nd stage   INTERMEDIATE MATURING AND STABILIZATION: On cooling, the recently expanded particles form a vacuum in their interior and this must be compensated for by air diffusion. This is how the beads achieve greater mechanical elasticity and improve expansion capacity, something very useful in the following transformation stage. This process is carried out during the materials intermediate maturing in aerated silos or mesh bags. The beads are dried at the same time. 3rd stage   EXPANSION AND FINAL MOLDING: During this stage the stabilized pre-expanded beads are transported to molds where they are again subjected to steam so that the beads bind together. In this way large blocks are obtained block molding   (that are later sectioned to the required shape like boards, panels, cylinders etc. ) or products in their final finished shape shape molding. Execution of moulds and casting alloy The basic steps to the process include: A foam pattern and gating system are made using a foam molding press * The foam pattern and the gating system are glued together to form a cluster of patterns * The cluster is coated with a permeable refractory coating and dried unde r controlled conditions * The dried, coated cluster is invested in a foundry flask with loose, unbonded sand that is vibrated to provide tight compaction * The molten metal is poured on to the top of the gating system which directs the metal throughout the cluster and replaces the foam gating and patterns * The remaining operations such as, shakeout, cut-off, grinding, heat treat, etc. are straightforward and similar to other casting processes. The series and major steps in lost foam casting (LFC) What metals can be poured in the Lost Foam process? Generally, all ferrous and non-ferrous materials can be successfully cast using the Lost Foam process. Because the foam pattern and gating system must be decomposed to produce a casting, metal pouring temperatures above 1000 °F are usually required. Lower temperature metals can be poured, but part size is limited. In addition, very low carbon ferrous castings will require special processing. What size range of parts can be produced by the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings can be produced in most all metals from a fraction of a pound up to thousands of pounds. Slightly more advanced techniques are used for very large castings. What type of tooling is required and at what cost? Typically, tooling is composed of a split-cavity machined aluminum die that is the negative mold from which the foam pattern is produced. The tooling is highly specialized and must be constructed by experienced tooling manufacturers familiar with the requirements of the foam molders and foundries. Most tooling for Lost Foam patterns will compare favorably with permanent and die cast tooling. Prototype and simple tools may be in the $3000-5000 range while high-end tooling for complex or very large parts can be in the several hundred thousand dollar range. As a result of the materials used and the process stresses, Lost Foam tools can be expected to have 3 to 4 times the cycle life of permanent mold or die casting tools. What lead times can be expected when ordering a Lost Foam casting? As with all processes, lead times vary greatly depending on part complexity. Generally, 8 to 16 weeks is typical for completed tooling and first castings produced. After casting approval, 6 to 12 weeks is typical for production run startup. Rapid prototyping methods can produce castings in as little as 2 to 3 weeks. What size range of parts can be produced by the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings can be produced in most all metals from a fraction of a pound up to thousands of pounds. Slightly more advanced echniques are used for very large castings. What is the cost of using the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings are generally more expensive than forged parts, or parts made by other casting processes. The value inherent in the Lost Foam process v ersus other processes is seen in tighter tolerances, weight reduction and as-cast features which all results in less machining and cleanup time. Many castings that require milling, turning, drilling and grinding can be made in the Lost Foam process with only . 020† . 030† of machine stock. It is imperative that the features to be cast are discussed by all parties to determine the net finished product cost. What quantities need to be made to make the Lost Foam process practical? The answer, simply, is not as many as you would think. Tooling amortization is a key factor in this determination. Potential overall savings for your application will aid in your decision. Generally, 500-1000 pieces per year is the minimum production run to be economical. Prototyping runs, however, may be as few as 3-5 pieces for Fabricated Foam patterns or 20-100 pieces for Quick-Cut CNC machined aluminum tooling. Application Lost foam casting  is used mostly for automotive applications. Cast iron, aluminum alloys, steels, nickel and in some cases stainless steel and copper alloys are cast in this process. The flexibility of LFC is useful in making complicated casting assemblies for automotive and other metal cast like cylinder heads, weldments, pump housing, Manifolds for automobile, machine bases, automobile-body-dies, brake component. etc. This simple and inexpensive method is used in hobby foundry work. Examples of product produce from lost foam casting http://www. glmmarine. com/ManifoldArticle. html Superior Marine Manifolds Agricultural Equipment Part / Farm Machinery Part Product Description Detail Feature: Product Name: Agricultural equipment part / Farm machinery part   Materials: Grey iron, Ductile Iron, High Chrome iron, resistent ironcarbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, High Manganese steel   Items: FOB NingBo or Shanghai Place of Origin: Ningbo, China Software for specification drawings: PDF, Auto CAD, Solid work, JPG, ProE   Main production equipments: Wax injection, CNC-machine, machine-center, Heat treatment Furnace lost foam casting for yacht gas piping Specifications 1). lost foam casting 2). reliable product quality 3). on time delivery 4). excellent after-sale service 5). 3D design It is designed for the yacht or the ships gas exhaust piping. Materials: pig iron 250 Surface treatment: galvanizing, and spray-paint Weight: 19. 5 KG Color: black Process: lost foam casting Dimensions:360mm*167mm*102mm Certificate: ISO9001:2000 Advantages * Foam is to carve glue and manipulate Can be used for precision castings of ferrous and non-ferrous metals of any size. * Fewer steps are involved in lost foam casting compared to sand casting. * Core making is eliminated. * Binders or other additives and related mixing processes are eliminated. * High dimensional accuracy can be achieved and thin sections can be cast (i. e. 3 mm). * There is lower capital investment. * The flasks used are less expensive and easier to use because they are in one piece. * The need for skilled labor is reduced. * Multiple castings can be combined in one mould to increase pouring efficiency. * Lower operating costs can be achieved for appropriate castings. Complex castings, particularly internal sections, which require high dimensional accuracy and have thin sections, can be produced very cost effectively in comparison with to conventional sand moulding processes. * Fettling and machining is minimized due to high dimensional accuracy and the absence of parting lines or core fins. * The shakeout process is simplified and does not require the heavy machinery required for bonded sand systems. * High levels of sand reuse are possible. As little as 1-2% of the sand is lost as a result of spills. Periodically a portion of sand may need to be removed or reclaimed to avoid the build-up of styrene. * Complex components can be formed where other casting processes would require multiple components to be assembled. Excellent dimensional tolerances for precision casting. * Lower production cost than traditional Green Sand casting. * Castings can be made from 1 pound up to thousands of pounds with no size limitations. * Lost Foam is an environmental ly friendly process. * The sand is un-bonded and can be recovered and re-used at a low cost. * There is lower capital investment. Disadvantages * pattern costs can be high for low volume application * patterns are easily damaged or distorted due to their low strength. If a die is used to create the patterns there is a large initial cost * The pattern coating process is time-consuming, and pattern handling requires great care. Good process control is required as a scrapped casting means replacement not only of the mold but the pattern as well. What type of tooling is required and at what cost? Typically, tooling is composed of a split-cavity machined aluminum die that is the negative mold from which the foam pattern is produced. The tooling is highly specialized and must be constructed by experienced tooling manufacturers familiar with the requirements of the foam molders and foundries. Most tooling for Lost Foam patterns will compare favorably with permanent and die cast tooling. Pr ototype and simple tools may be in the $3000-5000 range while high-end tooling for complex or very large parts can be in the several hundred thousand dollar range. As a result of the materials used and the process stresses, Lost Foam tools can be expected to have 3 to 4 times the cycle life of permanent mold or die casting tools. What â€Å"as-cast† tolerances can be expected? Typically, a linear tolerance of +/-. 005 inches/inch is standard for the Lost Foam process. This tolerance will vary depending on part size, complexity and geometry. Subsequent straightening or coining procedures will often enable even tighter tolerances to be held on critical dimensions. A targeted effort between the foam pattern producer, the casting producer and the casting user will often result in a Lost Foam casting that substantially reduces or completely eliminates previous machining requirements. Diameter Tolerance 0-1 in. [ or -]0. 007 in. 1-3 in. [ or -]0. 15 in. 3-6 in. [ or -]0. 025 in. In the case of diameters split by glue lines, 0. 005-0. 010 in. should be added dependent on foam size. Linear Tolerance 0-2 in. [ or -]0. 005-0. 10 in. 2-5 in. [ or - ]0. 010-0. 20 in. 0-5 in. with glue lines [ or -]0. 025-0. 035 in. Flatness Tolerance Area 3 x 3 in. [ or -]0. 007 in. Area 10 x 10 in. [ or -]0. 015-0. 020 in. More than 10 in. [ or -]0. 030-0. 050 in. Flatness can be affected by the foam, foam geometry, molding cycle control and foam removal. True Position Tolerance 0-2 in. 0. 025 in. 2-4 in. 0. 030 in. 4-10 in. 0. 030-0. 60 in. 10 in. 0. 080 in. Limitations 1. For low volume applications, the pattern costs are relatively high, therefore in order to increase the substantial economic benefits and decrease the pattern costs, only bulk quantities should be produced. 2. Due to their low strength, the patterns are very easily damaged and/or distorted. 3. There is a very high initial cost if a die is used to create the patterns. 4. The coating process is very time consuming as the pattern handling requires great care. Design considerations: Ensure that there is adequate material: Insufficient material usually leads to incomplete castings in the manufacturing of parts. It is important to calculate the volume of all areas f the casting while also accounting for shrinkage. Consider the Superheat: Superheat is the temperature difference between the metal at pouring and freezing. An increase in the superheat can increase the fluidity of the material for the casting, which can assist with its flow into the mold. Insulate Risers: The riser should be the last to solidify because it is the reservoir of molten material for the casting. Therefore insulating the top will greatly reduce cooling in the risers from the steep temperature gradient between the liquid metal of the casting, and the room temperature air. Consider V/A Ratios: V/A ratio represents the volume to surface area ratio. In casting, sections with low volume to surface area will solidify faster than sections with higher volume to surface area. It is therefore important to consider the V/A ratios in order to avoid premature solidification of the casting and the formation of vacancies. Heat Masses: Sections of the casting with low V/A ratios should be located further away from the risers as this will ensure a smooth solidification of the casting. It is important to avoid large heat masses in locations distant to risers. Sections of the Casting: A heavy section should not be fed through a lighter one. In the manufacturing process, the flow of material is very important. Prevent Planes of Weakness: After the solidifications of castings, columnar grain structures pointing toward the center develop in the material. This causes the sharp corners in the casting to develop a plane of weakness. This is prevented by rounding the edges of sharp corners. Reduce Tubulence: Turbulence is bad because it traps gases in the casting material and causes mold erosion. It can be reduced by the design of a gating system that promotes a more laminar flow of the liquid metal. FUTURE EPF can safely be incinerated and will yield only carbon dioxide and water if the procedure is handled correctly, but the trend has been to recycle it wherever possible. EPF can be recycled into  concrete,  egg cartons, office products, foam insulation, and garbage cans. Unfortunately, only one percent of the 11 billion kilograms of EPF thrown away each year is being recycled. The National Polystyrene Recycling Company, which consists of seven major corporations, including Amoco, Dow, and Mobil, plans to increase this to 25 percent by 1995 by focusing on big users of EPF—fast food outlets and college dining establishments. Since the Montreal Protocol of 1988, new research has focused on ways to reduce CFC use, and on developing alternative blowing agents that will not harm the ozone layer. Recent developments include a process that uses pressurized carbon dioxide to produce smaller, more uniform cells. These in turn provide a foam that is stronger and smoother than earlier foams. All this will bring us an un-imaginable shape that can be use for EPF pattern which will aid quality, best and control of casting. STRATEGY EMPLOYED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF LOST FOAM CASTING CAPABILITY 1. The major strategy employed is the partnership of governments, universities and industries in research and development of metal casting in general and cost of research is shared. Examples are U. S. Department of Energy and metal casting industry industries of the future (IOF), University of Alabama-Birmingham and over 30 universities and industry partners. This strategy has significantly improved the use of LFC in the past years. Emphasis is based on universities research with strong industry participation. The direct results of LFC researches are quickly applied by these positioned partner industries and results from the various applications are evaluated and analyzed. 2. Another strategy used is introducing hundreds of students to metal casting industries were they are well trained and becomes more innovative bringing latest technical knowledge and processes. this has tremendously improve state-of-the-heart technology in improving LFC in the past years. 3. Material(s) selection requires a specific type of manufacturing process(s) and different type(s) of casting techniques. The casting materials specific heat as well as that of the mold material will be influential in controlling the thermal gradients in the system. e. g. melts  fluidity and flow. A material high heat of fusion will take longer to solidify and may improve flow characteristics within the casting. 4. Gases being expelled by the material during solidification can be eliminated by a proper venting system in the mold. This can be planned out during the manufacturing design phase of the casting process. WAYS TO IMPROVE LOST FOAM CASTING 1. Development of computational fluid dynamics tool for modeling the blowing and steaming of expandable polystyrene (EPS) pattern for lost foam casting(mathematical tool). it allows analytical approach to systematically design EPS pattern molds that produces higher quality pattern with reduced lead-time and expense. http://www. arena-flow. com 2. Reduction of porosity and fold defects has improve production efficiency, mechanical properties and marketability of lost foam casting. 3. The combination of LFC with 3DP (three dimensional printing) to eliminate machining of mold contours and manual process of drilling and finishing steam holes, i. e. repeatedly printing thin layers of bonding materials on a thin layer of powder to build up a tool(mould) shape from computer-aided design(CAD) 4. Complex and detailed passages and other features are cast directly e. g. oil galleries, crank case ventilation channels, oil drain back passage, coolant passage etc are cast directly into cylinder blocks 5. The use of Flow Particle Image Analyzer to analyzed the wet slurry (prior to its application on the foam pattern) by measuring ceramic particle size and shape. 6. Single and multiple air gauge developed for rapid determination of pattern dimension 7. Compaction gauges were developed to measure sand density in cavities during pattern compaction 8. Distortion gauge to determine when and under what conditions pattern distortion occurs during compaction 9. Developed procedures to measure liquid absorption characteristics of liquid pattern pyrolisis 10. Developed instruments to measure gas permeability 11. X-ray radiography was developed to measure time of fill and also to inspect casting qualities and defects in LFC. Material selection is another way to improve the capability for example: * Certain materials react, (particularly in a molten state), a certain way with other materials they may encounter during the casting process. This should always be a consideration. For example liquid aluminum will react readily with iron. Iron ladles and surfaces contacting the molten aluminum can be covered with a spray-on ceramic coating to prevent this. * When selecting a specific type of manufacturing process, remember that certain materials are more applicable to different types of casting techniques than others. * The casting materials specific heat will as well as that of the mold material will be influential in controlling the thermal gradients in the system. Different materials will factor heavily on the melts  fluidity * A material high heat of fusion will take longer to solidify and may improve flow characteristics within the casting * When manufacturing a casting an alloy that freezes over a tempe rature range problems may occur due to the solid phase interfering with the liquid phase -both of which will be present within the temperature range. To help reduce this problem an alloy with a shorter solidification temperature range may be selected to manufacture the casting with. Or select a mold material with a high thermal conductivity, which could reduce the time spent in this range by increasing the cooling rate. Conclusion using the method of casting by lost foam patterns, we can obtain pieces for industry and ornamental elements / applied art, with complex layouts and different sizes, without the danger of offsetting * using the method of casting by lost foam patterns we can obtain pieces with weights between a few kilograms and tenths of tones, with wall’s width between 1 mm and 50 mm, made of different alloys: ferrous (cast iron and steel) and non ferrous (basic alloys of Al, Cu, Mg); * using the method of casting by lost foam patterns we can obtain pieces with a l ow consumption of materials and energy; * The method of casting by lost foam patterns can be used also for: structural changes and superficial alloying of the pieces; obtaining composite materials with powders insertion and the guidance of hardening by using some active powders, internal coolers or exterior coatings. The gases resulted from the thermal destruction of the polystyrene are toxic for the human being and can generate negative effects on the environment, aspect which imposes the obligation of maintaining under control both the evacuation in the working environment as well as the evacuation in the atmosphere. REFERENCES Design for manufacturability handbook   By James G. Bralla , McGraw-Hill Professional, 1999 Technology ; Engineering Energy research at DOE, was it worth it? : energy efficiency and fossil energy research 1978 to 2000, National Academies Press, 2001 Business ; Economics Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems  By Mikell P. Groover, John Wiley and Sons, 2010 Technology ; Engineering A textbook of manufacturing technology: (manufacturing processes)   By R. K. Rajput, Firewall Media, 2008 Technology ; Engineering John Campbell, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003   Technology ; Engineering   http://www. technalysis. com/lost_foam_casting. aspx http://civil-engg-world. blogspot. com/2011/02/polystyrene-ps. html http://www. achfoam. com/Lost-Foam-Casting-Process. aspx http://www. madehow. com/Volume-1/Expanded-Polystyrene-Foam-EPF. html http://www. alibaba. com/product-gs/411205184/lost_foam_casting_for_yacht_gas. html? newId=411205184;pn=1;pt=10;t=12;cids= http://nb-pft. en. made-in-china. com/product/HMZxTjlJqEDn/China-Agricultural-Equipment-Part-Farm-Machinery-Part. html http://www. nyserda. org/programs/industry/CaseStudies/lost%20foam. pdf

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous Ingenious vs. Ingenuous Ingenious vs. Ingenuous By Simon Kewin Be careful with ingenious and ingenuous. Sometimes a single letter can make a great deal of difference to the meaning of a word. Take, for example, the two words ingenious and ingenuous. Ingenious means clever, original or inventive. It derives ultimately from the Latin word ingenium, which means a natural capacity or talent. It’s the same word from which engine, among other words, derives. So, a talented or clever person could be described as ingenious, as could a device or idea that is particularly clever or well-suited to its purpose. Ingenuous, however, means innocent and unsuspecting, perhaps in a childlike way. It derives from a separate Latin word, ingenuus, meaning native or freeborn. It’s the same word from which ingenue/ingenu derives, meaning a naà ¯ve young woman/man. Originally, ingenuous tended to have a more positive sense than it does now : it meant candid, frank or honourable. Today, the word often has more negative overtones. To be ingenuous is to be unsophisticated. So, the one letter difference between ingenious and ingenuous gives us two words that actually have more-or-less opposite meanings. Be careful which you use. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"44 Resume Writing TipsAdvance vs. Advanced

The Rather Interesting History of Speak and Spell

The Rather Interesting History of Speak and Spell The Speak and Spell is a handheld electronic device and educational toy with a very interesting place in history. The toy/learning aid was developed in the late 1970s by Texas Instruments and introduced to the public at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978. Its claim to fame is that the Speak and Spell was the first commercial product to use a brand new technology, called DSP technology. According to the IEEE: the Speak and Spell digital signal processing (DSP) innovation in audio processing is the starting milestone for the huge digital signal processing industry that has a more than $20 Billion market today. Using digital signal processing has grown tremendously with the development of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion chips and techniques. Digital signal processors are used in many of the consumer, industrial, and military applications. Digital Signal Processing By definition, DSP (short for digital signal processing) is the manipulation of analog information into digital. In Speak and Spells case, it was analog sound information that was converted into a digital form. The Speak and Spell was a product that was the result of Texas Instruments research into the area of synthetic speech. By being able to speak to children, the Speak and Spell was able to teach both the correct spelling and pronunciation of a word. Research and Development of the Speak and Spell The Speak and Spell marked the first time the human vocal tract had been electronically duplicated on a single chip of silicon. According to the manufacturers of the Speak and Spell, Texas Instruments, research on the Speak and Spell began in 1976 as a three-month feasibility study with a $25,000 budget. Four men worked on the project in its early stages: Paul Breedlove, Richard Wiggins, Larry Brantingham, and Gene Frantz. The idea for the Speak and Spell originated with engineer Paul Breedlove. Breedlove had been thinking about potential products that could use the capabilities of the new bubble memory (another Texas Instrument research project) when he came up with the idea for the Speak and Spell, originally named The Spelling Bee. With technology being what it was at that time period, speech data required a challenging amount of memory, and Texas Instruments agreed with Breedlove that something like the Speak and Spell could be a good application to develop. In an interview conducted by Benj Edwards of Vintage Computing with one of the Speak and Spell team members, Richard Wiggins, Wiggins reveals the basic roles of each of the team in the following way: Paul Breedlove originated the idea of a learning aid for spelling.Gene Frantz was responsible for the overall product design: spelling words, case design, display, and operation.Larry Brantingham was the integrated circuit designer.Richard Wiggins wrote the voice processing algorithms. Solid State Speech Circuitry The Speak and Spell was a revolutionary invention. According to Texas Instruments, it used an entirely new concept in speech recognition and unlike tape recorders and pull-string photograph records used in many speaking toys at the time, the solid-state speech circuitry it used had no moving parts. When it was told to say something it drew a word from memory, processed it through an integrated circuit model of a human vocal tract and then spoke electronically. Made specifically for the Speak and Spell, the Speak and Spell four created the first linear predictive coding digital signal processor integrated circuit, the TMS5100. In laymans terms, the TMS5100 chip was the first speech synthesizer IC ever made.

Criminal justice process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal justice process - Case Study Example accused witnesses, victims and police officers. The usual procedure has to be followed once the police commence criminal investigation. On the face of it seems that the Police in their eagerness to solve a crime and to charge George had flouted many accepted norms and procedures that ought to be followed while conducting a criminal investigation and taking in to custody a suspect for the alleged crime. Everyone is innocent till proved guilty. My advice to George about the proper procedure that should have been followed at the Police Station will be that in investigating a accused the police if thinks that he may be guilty takes him to the police station for questioning, if the police is reasonably convinced that the accused is involved then they can charge him and make a formal arrest. If the accused is minor then in that case the questioning by the police can be conducted in the presence of the guardian of the accused or any social worker. The accused at the Police Station is well w ithin his rights to ask for a solicitor. The Police can also procure a search warrant to search the premises of the accused and can interview the family, friends etc of the accused. The Police can question the accused up to 72 hours after that either the police can set the accused free or ask the magistrate for 24 hours more for the questioning of the accused. After that if the Police are convinced that there is enough evidence connecting the accused with the crime then in that case it will formally charge the accused. The accused has to be presented in a magistrate's court by the Police the next day and it is the magistrate's discretion to send the accused either in judicial custody or to release him on bail. To sum it up at the Police Station an accused has the right to be treated in a human manner and with respect, he has the right to see the written codes governing the legal rights of the accused, he has a right to speak to the custody officer, he has to be told about the reason of his arrest, a personal phone call by the accused may not be allowed but someone connected to the accused has to be notified by the Police, the accused has the right to consult with a solicitor in private. CPS CODE TESTS TO BE APPLIED IN THIS CASE : 1. Crown Prosecutors decide if a person should be and can be charged with a criminal offence, and then they decide on the nature of offence. The decisions in this regard are made by Crown Prosecutors as per the code and by also taking the Director's help on Charging. Police generally determine the charge, for minor and routine cases but they also have to apply the same provisions. 2. Charging in this case should be made according to the Full Code Test. If the evidence required for Full Code Test is not available then the Threshold test should be applied but the case should be reviewed according to the Full Code Test soon. If the Threshold Test applies in this case then it is fine otherwise the Crown Prosecution Service will only start or continue with a prosecution when the case has passed both stages of the Full Code Test. 3. The Crown Prosecutors should see whether there is enough evidence against the accused to charge him. It should be seen that whether the evidence can be used in court and is reliable. It should be further seen that if the evidence is sufficient to get a conviction against the accuse

Memo of Advice to Mr. US on Taxation System Case Study

Memo of Advice to Mr. US on Taxation System - Case Study Example The tax rates are applied to taxable income which is arrived after deducting all expenditure incurred by the individual as specified in IRS. Every US citizen (Mr.US) working and residing abroad is bound to report income from sources outside the United States under Form 1099 from foreign payer (Publication 525, 2010). According to Arnold and McIntyre (3) individuals confront serious risks of having to pay excessive levels of tax as Mr. US being citizen of US and resident of UK may have to deal with tax laws of both countries. However dual residence problems are generally resolved through the tie breaker in tax treaties between the two countries i.e. US and UK. Mr.US can be benefited from the double taxation treaty which follows the OECD Model Tax Convention. Mr. US shall file a report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) as his account is maintained by foreign organization in Mauritius, a labor agency which contracts the services of Mr. US to Newco in London for the period of five years. Tax Exchange Information Agreements between US and UK are incorporated in Double Taxation Treaty and Mr. US will have to comply with the double taxation treaty of filing the FBAR reports and paying income tax for his income earned for his services. Similarly, Labor Agency in Mauritius will pay taxes for its income from UK in Mauritius as well as United Kingdom as per the double taxation treaty existing between these two countries. As evident from the case study, Mr. US could face dual source issues arising through varying definitions in tax jurisdictions i.e. in US and UK. Mr. US may seek tax exemption within double taxation treaty between United States and United Kingdom. Mr. US may claim tax deduction in double taxation through exemption, credit or tax deduction through structured finance and possible exemptions in form of dividends and capital gains (Arnold and McIntyre,Ch. 15). It is informed that many tax jurisdictions do not grant deductions for future risk loss o r contingency provisions while some countries permit deduction for pension provisions. Mr. US shall get tax exemption from pension provision granted by Mauritius broker firm. The Mauritius broker company intends to open a discretionary trust in favor of Mr. US family owned by Mauritius firm. It is mentioned that shareholders dividends do not in any legally relevant sense arise in the taxing state which means the taxation belongs to the country to which the corporation belongs, i.e. Mauritius where the firm will be established (Arnold and McIntyre,Ch.3 53). The discretionary trust, where the remaining $225k have been diverted will be paid by the trust wholly under double taxation treat between two countries; United States and Mauritius, as the residence of trustees is in US while the trust is incorporated in Mauritius (Arnold and McIntyre,Ch.1, 21). Works Cited Arnold Brian J and McIntyre Micheal J International Tax Primer, Chapter

Post Bureaucracy And Network Society

Post Bureaucracy And Network Society Organisations around the world have changed their structures, the internal managerial strategies in order to survive within a competitive market and hence evolved to best suit the external environment they operate in. Every organisation in todays time has to be profitable in order to be in business and therefore it must organise its structure, (Grahame .F. Thompson 2003 Oxford University Press). In the 21st century a revolution of globalisation, Information technology and cultural change has made corporate organisations to re-think and re-structure themselves to better suit the needs of workers, employers, consumers and the future of the company as a whole. There has been a social change in the division of labour and concepts of Post Fordism and flexible specialisation has come up in the last quarter of a century, (Tony J. Watson 2003 Routledge). In this essay we will see the shift from factory type bureaucracy towards a network society and the emergence of post bureaucratic organisa tions in todays economy which is based on knowledge and innovation. But this leaves us with an argument that is a post bureaucratic organisational form predominant in the network society/knowledge based economy? In the latter part of this essay we see some evidence of bureaucracy and its elements still present in Network Organisations. To understand this and come to a reasonable conclusion we must know what are bureaucratic organisation, post bureaucratic organisations and network organisations. As we know that bureaucracy is a highly structured system of administration it was seen in the late 1920s as being highly successful in the era of capitalist and mass production and administrative complexity. Thus, due to its nature of being machine like it ignored moral, ethical and emotional values and was efficient. The control and co-ordination of work task through a hierarchy of appropriately qualified office holders, whose authority derives from their expertise and who rationally, devise a system of rules and procedures are calculated to provide the most appropriate means of achieving specified ends. (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge, sociology, work and industry fourth edition, pg-86). Bureaucracy had a hierarchy and decision making which flowed from top level managers to low level skilled and unskilled workers. In Weber ideal model Weber argued that without a proper filing system the bureaucratic organisation would fail and many organisations followed that and had highly secre tive filing systems. Managers and workers were allocated task according to technical expertise. There was a framework of rules to be followed for the production and functions to be carried out. Decisions made were not affected by emotions or personal preferences but defined by system of rules and under the official jurisdictional area. But the ideal form is for us to understand that it is unachievable but through which reality can be compared. (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge). Bureaucracy is a concept of sociology and political science and can be seen in many government agencies, large manufacturing firms, hospitals, and many academic institutions, (Reference). As the government of states grew larger during the modern period, modern bureaucracies arose and especially following the Industrial Revolution, (Osborne David and Gaebler Ted, 1993, Plume). The major changes which gave rise to the factory system was that the workforce of labour shifted from hand production such as working i n the fields to a power driven machinery system. This revolution made division of labour more complicated, hierarchy gave managers more control, superior supervision and coercive authority, enabled capitalist to take greater reward, moral machinery was introduced to break the resistance from employees, and reduction of skill on which workers relied caused a reduced labour cost, (Paul Thompson and David McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). (Give Examples of British companies as well as worldwide) Bureaucracy was at its height with the rise of the factory system. It was transforming organisations into technically superior system of administration and production. Coordination between man and the machine and with the introduction of the assembly line everything changed. Organised and detailed planning were the key features of Technical superiority. Rationality helped large firms achieve more out of the workers by allowing them to do simplified work in a formalised manner to achieve efficiency and limit the decision making power to the top down hierarchy. Limiting workers decision making and increasing efficiency by ground rules clearly defined without personal prejudice and emotional values. Control was achieved by reducing and restricting vital information and knowledge lead to more direct control from the management. Organisations used bureaucratic structures not only to retain the most earning but many of its features benefited the workers, there was job security, grievances procedures and demarcation, etc. This wave caused the workers something to look forward to and see the organisation in a positive manner, (Paul Thompson and David McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). Taylorism and Fordism Taylors principles were based on bureaucracy and the phenomena were called scientific management. This was a typical example where an organisation was successful at the time when bureaucracy was at its heights. This was not an ideal type Webers model but it saw social aspects of the organisation where employees were also benefited but the big chunk of profit was taken by organisation. Employees were given specialised routine tasks and which being mechanised with proper coordination of human work effort led to Scientific management. It had a success with organised labour; in which manager had a concept of soldiering on the employee because Taylor thought that it is a tendency for men to take it easy without proper supervision. He had one best way of organising work. In counties like France and Britain experiments on Taylors scientific management started taking place, his ideas of time study and piece rate working gave rise to Taylorism, (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). One of the models of Taylorism states that an official can work his way up the career hierarchy within a few years from being a simple worker to a middle level manager and even in some cases as high as the top management. This was the minimum interaction model describe by littler (1982), (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge). In many parts of Britain and Europe Bedeaux system came through and Sweden and Germany followed districting paths but were influenced by Taylorism, (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). Henry ford was Fordism became popular after the assembly line was introduced in factory working which increased efficiency many folds. This was the era of mass production were the employees were consumers and part of the market. What made the car factories a success were his detailed supervision, planning management strategies and close supervision. Ford gave his employees something to look forward to in terms of material benefits such as incentives, high wages, and could have a ford car of their own in a number of years. This made them loyal and a sense of trust emerged, (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge). Post Bureaucracy and Network Society Post Bureaucratic organisations emerged when organisations found it difficult to cope up with strict rules and defined boundaries of the bureaucratic structure. With the introduction of advance technology being used in the modern age the organisational structure has changed in many large-scale industries. The age of mass production seemed to be over and highly specialised customer need analysis had to be done. During the time of Henry ford cars were produced in bulk which was standard in its appearance, style and technology. Nowadays we have entered the 21st century where cars are customised according to the needs of a specific customer. We have shifted from a factory type mass production to a customer oriented knowledge based economy where many authors believe bureaucracy is of the past. The ideal type of post bureaucratic structure has more of a dialog based and discussion rather than commands given where individual expertise is given credit. Here we see flat hierarchy which was ne eded in network society to work efficiently on project based process and group tasks, (Heckscher .C, Donnellon .A, 1994, Sage Publications). The changes that are prominent in the network form of organisation are that there are workers and groups with flat hierarchy who take decisions based on their knowledge and expertise. There are team based group doing projects and working together either from the office or from other sites. Networks have proved a useful alternative conception in analysing how a range social activity is organised and governed at a number of levels, (Graham .F. Thompson, 2003, Oxford university press). In modern organisations the concept of flat organisational structure has been introduced and work has been divided into many groups and teams of professional workers, where a set of employees take decisions at various levels of the work process. This also contributes to the innovation where employees have the freedom to make decisions and exercise their expertise. M ost of the employees are treated with formal equality and joint membership in the network organisation, (Graham .F. Thompson, 2003, Oxford university press). Basically what the author is trying to say is that network organisations gave more freedom to work and a sense of equality amongst the workers and employees. This can be seen in highly value added services, like education, medicine, law firms etc. The Network organisations are based on a high trust culture; it has low level of formal division of labour. Networks developed as business shifted from bureaucratic system to a more flexible system because organisations had to survive in the age of technology, innovation and globalisation. The rise of post bureaucratic structure was thought to be due to three major factors such as globalisation, information technology and cultural change. Globalisation caused high degree of competition as the markets to expand and overstretch national boundaries. Many organisations opened branches in other countries and corporate culture was born. This was the era of professionals where knowledge and networking were given importance. Because bureaucratic structures could not cope up with change and adaptability Post bureaucratic organisations had more flexible control process and were more proactive towards its environment. Making connections and providing service was part of almost every organisation regardless of its size and nature. Another major change that gave rise to Post bureaucracy was the change of technology and innovation. Information technology is required for an organisation to stay in business without communication and innovation a business cannot survive in long term. Some people suggest that culture also influenced Post bureaucratic rise in the network organisation. Consumers are given importance in the network society is based on consumerism, relativism and individualism, unlike in the bureaucratic structure, (Manuel Castells, 2000, Blackwell Publishers). Evidence of Post Bureaucratic Forms in Network Organizations (Castells, Journals) Many authors such as Castells suggest that post bureaucratic systems are the only way of the future of the knowledge based economy. This is a very hardcore and too optimistic approach yet we see that a pure bureaucratic organisational structure has failed to adapt into a network society. We know that due to change in administration in knowledge based economy bureaucracy has been replaced by a more flexible and adaptable organisational structure. Social, technological and economic change, multi-tasking work and the need for analysing data at different levels has shifted network society to engage the workers with high trust, empowerment, de-centralised decision making in knowledge economy, (Give Examples).Many organisations stared de-bureaucratizing because Webers concept of control was seen as an exercise of control on the basis of knowledge but in network organisations there had to a freedom to exercise indirect control where employees would practise self discipline and very less s upervision was needed. They had to exchange information and knowledge to be innovative which meant being proactive towards the environment for a long-term survival for the organisation. The concept of disagree to agree is used as friendly constructive discussion for decision making. We know that through empowerment high performance work systems are possible which has shifted from a factory type system where one could not act out of the official jurisdiction of their job description. In many value added organisations empowerment given to employees can lead to success of the firm/company (give example). (Paul Du Gay, 2005, Oxford University Press). Total quality management and customer satisfaction are relatively new methods of the Post-Bureaucratic structure which are used by organisations in the network society and knowledge based service industry. The famous legend in automobile industry Henry Ford ideas of mass production have shifted to some extent to a customised vehicle for a s pecific customer. An article by John Ovretiveit showed that TQM was applied to many hospitals and clinics across Europe became widespread since the 1990s. This method helps organisations deliver better quality control and customer satisfaction essential in knowledge based economy, (John Ovretiveit, 13/2 [200] 74-79, International Journal of health care quality assurance). TQM has been seen as a useful tool but many experts believe that it is difficult to evaluate and is difficult to implement. Whereas we see that in bureaucracy implementation and supervision were regarded highly and Taylors scientific management made it easy for firms to implement policies and evaluate them according to tasks specified to workers according to their official jurisdiction. As Richard Sennett says that there are three deficits of structural change are loyalty, informal trust and adaptive information faced by firms trying to de-bureaucratise, (Richard Sennett, 2004, Yale University Press). Evidence of Bureaucratic elements still present in Network Organizations (Reed M, Journals) Many Organisations have started to re-bureaucratize because there is a problem with the high trust, empowerment, shared responsibility and personal treatment. The concept of re-bureaucratizing has been discussed by many authors that instead of organisations shifting from bureaucracy they simply clean up the bureaucracy in their organisation (Heckscher .C, Donnellon .A, 1994, Sage Publications). Webers Ideal model of bureaucracy can be re-theorized to include any non-contradictory attributes. His ideal type thus cannot yield a clear distinction between bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizations, unless bureaucracy is flattened into hierarchy, and post-bureaucratic into non-hierarchical. But hierarchy cannot be eliminated from complex organizations, and bureaucracy can be re-theorized to include any non-contradictory attributes. (Harro M. Hoopfl, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, 2006, 8-21, Emerald Group Publishing Limited). Charles Heckscher, the author of The Post-Bureaucratic Organisation talks about the theory of contingency, which is clearly not bureaucratic in nature. The best form of organisational structure should be that which suits the environmental complexities and uncertainty when organisations shift to knowledge based economy. If organisations work under the highly bureaucratised system they would not be able to work effectively, but it is argued that bureaucratic forms have a greater capacity mobilising human energy and cooperation. The author of Lost in translation Simon Norton suggests that Anglo-American approaches of new public management may not be suitable and elements of bureaucracy are still present in public sectors in Japan. The finding of the research is that such systems are popular and work for countries like USA and UK. The findings also suggest that Japanese organisations give priority to the long term survival of firms and its group rather than thinking for individual perfor mance and benefit, for example through reward mechanisms for innovation and demonstration of personal initiative, are at odds with the Japanese tradition of amae and Confucianism; instead, reformers should evolve reform policy around the concept of groupism (Koh, 1989). (Simon Norton, 2007, Emerald Group Publishing Limited). This research shows us that Although Japan being technologically advance it still values its culture and traditions indicates elements of bureaucracy which means that even after entering a knowledge based environment flat hierarchy may not be so suitable as perceived by many authors. In some organisations in network society direct control is being observed in which employees are monitored and supervised. Another finding by Rachel Parker and Lisa Bradley suggests that bureaucratic values within public sector organisations are prominent although there is an evidence of changing economic trend and new public management is emerging. The control and hierarchy in publ ic sectors show a reverse of what post bureaucratic values impose in an organisation. The employees viewed the monitoring and quality management systems as bureaucratic. Public sector organisations have been motivated less by financial considerations than by political considerations, including the public interest, (Perry Rainey 1988). (Rachel Parker and Lisa Bradley, The Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, Vol 26, No 2 (December, 2004) 197-215). The transition towards a post-bureaucratic society is evident but the process is slow and cannot leave behind elements of bureaucracy as we have not entered a fully knowledge based economy. This is not a claim by me but, in my opinion it is like two sides of the same coin where elements of both bureaucracy and post bureaucracy are present in the modern knowledge based economy and a hybrid form emerges.

Philippines Cultural Assessment Essay

The primary language that business is conducted in the Philippines is English. This is a result of the American influenced era which began in 1898. One should not assume that just because English is the most commonly used language that both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication are conducted the same way that they are in America. The Philippines business environment is known to be highly personalized. The communication style of the Philippines has also been perceived as difficult to comprehend due to its diplomatic and complex language which is derived from its Asian roots. (http://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Filipino-Business-Communication-Style.html) It is common in the Philippines, as well as most Asian countries, for people to have an extremely difficult time saying ‘no’ because they tend to try to avoid hurting others feelings. Saying ‘no’ to someone can also be viewed by others as confrontational and unfriendly. Because of this Filipino’s would rather say ‘yes’ even if they mean ‘no.’ (http://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Filipino-Business-Communication-Style.html) Filipinos’ dialogue-oriented, rather emotional communication somewhat resembles Spanish, but is less forceful and exuberant. As a show of respect, Filipinos usually address people by their titles (e.g., Architect Cruz, Attorney Jose, Dr. Romero). Over time, and after a relationship is established, they may address business associate by their informal title or nickname. (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4205562/National-Cultural-Profiles-Philippines.html) In the Filipino culture a pervasive smile can easily be interpreted as agreement or affirmation in what has just been discussed. That same smile can easily be used to hide embarrassment, aggravation on disagreement. Nonverbal signs of affirmation include the raising of an eyebrow and the jerking of the head upward. A common sign for â€Å"no† include the jerk of the head down. For example, if an individual says â€Å"yes† while pointing their head downward you can be fairly certain that they feel negatively about what you have been discussing. (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4205562/National-Cultural-Profiles-Philippines.html) Although in most cultures it is common for both men and women to shake hands with one another when they are first introduced or when greeting each other, that is not the case in the Filipino culture. Any form of touching, especially men touching women is frowned upon by Filipinos. (http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/ci-ic-eng.asp?iso=ph#cn-2) The Philippines are split into three different regions called, â€Å"Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.† Gender roles in the Philippines are found in school systems, dating, marriage, and especially their families. When Filipino’s are born they assume their gender role by their sex. Males get more respect for the most part because females take after their mothers and elder women to take less dominating roles, also being more feminine in the jobs they choose to hold. Men are categorized into the more dominating roles in society. Men are brought up to take after their fathers or the elder man in their life. They are defined as being more confident, accomplished, and well-rounded individuals. School systems are strict on students, making them look presentable, especially males. Males are required to have short hair and females must wear skirts down to their shins. Dressing inappropriately is not tolerated. Males and females got to the same school but they divide them into two separate parts of the school. Attending a college or university for the average person is highly unlikely because there is no financial aid available so only the wealthy go and receives the higher education. Education is very important to Filipinos and is stressed by their parents to have the best education possible to be successful. Format for names, the country being a predominant catholic, old folks follow the old traditional way of naming their children after the names of the saints. In Luzon, the largest island and where the capital sits, has a strong western influence, naming mostly patterned like the westerners. The country is patriarchal when it comes to family roles. The male or the fathers are always the head and of the household and the final word when it comes to domestic affair. There are regions, like in south Mindanao, the grand chief of the village is the eldest and the wealthiest of the clan where his power over other members of the clan is important even on domestic affairs. The female or the wife is expected to be the care taker of the household, including keeping up with the children. They do not have voicing power compared to the husband (Heinrich 2008) Dating among the Filipino’s is not usually done unless they are eighteen years old because education is most important. Even then when they start dating the male will pay for the female.

The Tried and True Method for Ielts Preparation Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Ielts Preparation Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail Which is exactly why we here give you some persuasive essay samples that could aid you with your own. Sample persuasive essays can also offer inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. Your persuasive essay will have a lot of paragraphs. The greatest persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. An outline makes sure that you've got the vital components to compose a magnificent essay. As any guide on how best to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. To structure an essay, you should simply adhere to the aforementioned format. High school essays are structured very similarly no matter the topic and very good essay structure will allow you to compose a crystal clear essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Write superior essays with an internet class. Many people think that high school entrance essays are comparatively simpler to write than college entrance essays, that is the reason there are fewer places where you are able to get assistance with higher school entrance essays. Many students seek scholarship so the financial characteristics of studying would be less of a burden in their opinion. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. High school, college, and sometimes even university students from all around the world a re writing persuasive essays. You don't need to return to school to prepare for the GED test. GED Online enables you to prepare for the GED test by utilizing online classes and practice tests. High school students have to compose essays on a selection of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Practice tests are the best method to acquire ready. The Good, the Bad and Ielts Preparation Essay Samples Your intro ought to start with an intriguing hook that will draw the reader in your paper. While there is absolutely no one correct method to compose these essays, this page will show you some great practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. The most important portion of a quick essay is known as the body. Thus employing an expert for doing your essays could be the best alternative. Disadvantages of employing a low-cost essay service Quality If you're opting for cheaper service, bear in mind that it might not be up to the mark. You should find the proper resources for your essay together with patience when finding the most suitable inspiration to write. This service isn't only a skilled but likewise an expert in regards to writing your argumentative essay. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. If you wish to figure out how to compose an excellent persuasive essay, you're looking in the proper location! Buy essays from us and you could always be sure of high-quality paper that may assure you quality grade. Summary Hiring an affordable essay service may be a suitable alternative for students at one time crunch. Employing reliable sources for research is important. At the exact same time, quite a few studies show that marijuanain its healthcare formcan be beneficial for patients experiencing serious diseases, such as cancer. Look through the list of topics cautiously and start making a mental collection of the evidence it's possible to use on topics you prefer. For example, think about the topic from the above mentioned link regarding traditional versus alternative medication. The Hidden Truth on Ielts Preparation Essay Samples It is wise to look for the one which has a very good reputa tion and offers high-quality papers at very affordable rates. Though some say totally free public transportation would assist the environment and decrease traffic, others think completely free public transportation is too pricey, and the government can't afford to cover it. Women are facing challenges when they're championing for social shift. Today, there are various on-line sites which provide sample papers. It isn't as demanding as other kinds of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on writing providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic needs to be something that has two conflicting points or unique conclusions.

Get Copies of Birth, Marriage and Death Certificates

Vital records—birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, and divorce decrees—are one of the best resources to help build a family tree.  Once you determine the state where the birth, death, marriage or divorce occurred, select the state from the list below to learn how to get a certified copy of the vital record or where to find free vital records online.   Where to Find U.S. Vital Records A AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansas C CaliforniaCanal ZoneColoradoConnecticut D DelawareDistrict of Columbia F Florida G Georgia H Hawaii I IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowa K KansasKentucky L Louisianna M MaineMarylandMassachusettesMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontana N NebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNew York CityNorth CarolinaNorth Dakota O OhioOklahomaOregon P PennsylvaniaPuerto Rico R Rhode Island S South CarolinaSouth Dakota T TennesseTexas U Utah V VermontVirginiaVirgin Islands W WashingtonWest VirginaWisconsinWyoming Vital records  are one of the best resources for helping you to build your family tree due to their: Completeness—Vital records usually cover a large percentage of the population and include a wide variety of information for linking families.Reliability—Because they are usually created close to the time of the event by someone with personal knowledge of the facts and because most governments have measures in place to try and ensure their accuracy, vital records are a fairly reliable form of genealogical information.Availability—Since they are official documents,  governments have made an effort to preserve vital records with newer records being found in local government offices and older records residing in a variety of record repositories and archives. Why Vital Records May Not Be  Available In the United States, the responsibility for registering vital events is left to the individual states.  Many states, however, did not require birth, death or marriage records to be registered until late into the 1800s, and in some cases not until the early to mid-1900s. While some New England states kept town and county records as early as the 1600s, other states such as Pennsylvania and South Carolina didnt require birth registration until 1906 and 1913, respectively.  Even after registration was required by law, not all  births, marriages and deaths were reported—the  compliance rate may have been as low as 50-60% in earlier years, depending upon the time and place. People living in rural areas often found it an inconvenience to take a day from work to travel many miles to the local registrar. Some people were suspicious of the governments reasons for wanting such information and simply refused to register. Others may have registered the birth of one child, but not others. Registration of births, marriages,  and deaths is much more accepted today, however, with current rates of registration closer to 90-95%. Marriage records, unlike birth and death records, can also usually be found at the county level, and are often available from the date the county was organized (going back into the 1700s in some instances). In some areas, marriage records may also be found at the town level (e.g. New England), the city level (e.g. NYC) or the parish level (e.g. Louisiana).